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Matrix Bibliography
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(Citations appear by Organization and Source Level)
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| ***** |
| The United Nations (UN) |
Treaties
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (signed 18 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW)
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Convention on the Political Rights of Women (signed 31 March 1953, entered into force 7 July 1954) 193 UNTS 135 (CPRW).
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (adopted on December 13, 2006, opened for signature March 30, 2007, entered into force, May 3, 2008)
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Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. entered into force 2 September 1990) (CRC)
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Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO No. 169), 72 ILO Official Bull. 59, entered into force Sept. 5, 1991.
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR)
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International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted and opened for signature and ratification by General Assembly Res. 2106 A(XX), 21 December 1965; entered into force on 4 January 1969 in accordance with Article 19) (ICERD)
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International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, signed 18 December 1990, entered into force 1 July 2003, UN Doc. A/RES/45/158 (MWC)
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United Nations Convention Against Corruption, Entry into force December 14, 2005
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Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331, 8 I.L.M. 679, entered into force Jan. 27, 1980.
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Other international instruments
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Interpretative Documents
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CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation No. 5 (seventh session, 1988)
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CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation No. 23 (16th session, 1997)
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 18, Non-discrimination (Thirty Seventh session, 1989), Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 at 26 (1994)
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment 25 on “The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right to Equal Access to Public Service,” UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1, Addendum 7, 27 August 1996 (UNCHR General Comment 25)
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment 27, Freedom of Movement (art. 12) U.N. Doc CCPR/c/21/Rev.1/Add.9 (1999)
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 28(68): Equality of rights between men and women (Article 3): 29/03/2000. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10, General Comment No. 28
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29: States of Emergency (Art. 4) CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 31 August 2001
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31, Nature of the General Legal Obligation on States Parties to the Covenant, U.N. Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 (2004)
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United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, CCPR/C/GC/32
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United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 16, E/C.12/2005/3 (2005).
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United Nations Economic and Social Council. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Annex to E/CN.4/2000/62, (56th Session Commission on Human Rights).
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United Nations, Economic and Social Council, U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Annex, UN Doc E/CN.4/1984/4 (1984).
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Communication No. 500/1992, Joszef Debreczeny v The Netherlands in UN Doc CCPR/C/53/D/500/1992
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Communication No. 968/2001. Kim Jong-Cheol v. Republic of Korea in UN Document CCPR/C/84/D968/2001
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United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Right to Freedom of Expression and Opinion, (Human Rights Resolution 2005/38) (Adopted without a vote at the 57th Session 19 April 2005)
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Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; “Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary” (Adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders 26 August-6 September 1985 Milan) (Endorsed by General Assembly resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985)
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| ***** |
| African Union (AU) |
Treaties
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African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982) 21 ILM 58 (Banjul Charter - AfCHPR)
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Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, Adopted by the 2nd Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, Maputo, CAB/LEG/66.6 (Sept. 13, 2000), entered into force Nov. 25, 2005
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African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, adopted May 2007
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African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, Adopted 2003, Entered into Force 2006.
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Other regional instruments
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African Union Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa, (Adopted at the 38th Ordinary Session of the Organization of African Unity, 8 July 2002, Durban, South Africa) AHG/Decl.1 (XXXVIII), 2002
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Declaration on Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa (Adopted at the 32nd Session 17-23 October, 2002 Banjul, Gambia) (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights)
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NEPAD Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance, AHG/235 (XXXVIII) Annex I, Adopted 2002, para 7
NEPAD Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance, AHG/235 (XXXVIII) Annex I, Adopted 2002, para 7
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| ***** |
| Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) |
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Treaties
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| The Commonwealth |
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Regional Instruments
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| ***** |
| Council of Europe (COE) |
Treaties
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Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) (adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953, amended by Protocol No 11, European Treaty Series No 155, entered into force on 1 November 1998, which replaced Protocols 2,3,4,5,8,9,10 and repealed Articles 25 and 46 of the Convention) (ECHR)
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European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers (Strasbourg 24.Xi.1997)
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European Convention on Transfrontier Television, Strasbourg 5.V.1989, European Treaty Series No. 132. Drafted 1989; amended according to Protocol (ETS No. 171) Entered into Force March 1, 2002.
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Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995
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Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) as amended by Protocol No. 1 (adopted in Strasbourg, 6 May 1963)
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Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) as amended by Protocol No. 4 (adopted in Strasbourg, 20 January 1966)
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Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) as amended by Protocol No. 11 (adopted in Strasbourg, 11 May 1994)
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Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, Council of Europe (ETS No. 173) (adopted in Strasbourg 27 January 1999)
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Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, Council of Europe (ETS. No. 108) (adopted in Strasbourg, 28 January 1981)
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European Charter of Local Self-Government, Council of Europe (ETC. No. 12) (adopted in Strasbourg, 15 October 1985)
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Other regional instruments
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Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, Resolution 105 (2000) on the Financial Transparency of Political Parties and their Democratic Functioning at the Regional Level
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Declaration CM(2005)56 of the Committee of Ministers on Human Right and the Rule of Law in the Information Society, May 13, 2005.
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on Protecting the Role of Media in Democracy in the Context of Media Concentration, 985th Meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, January 31, 2007.
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on the Guarantee of Independence of Public Service Broadcasting in the Member States, 974th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, September 27, 2006.
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Declaration on Freedom of Political Debate in the Media, 872nd meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, February 12, 2004.
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Declaration on the Committee of Ministers on the Independence of Regulatory Authorities for the Broadcast Sector, 1002 meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, March 26, 2008.
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Declaration on the Freedom of Expression and Information, 70th session of the Committee of Ministers, April 29, 1982.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation CM/REC (2007) 15 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures concerning media coverage of election campaigns, 1010th meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, November 7, 2007.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation CM/REC(2008)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on Measures to Promote the Respect for Freedom of Expression and Information with Regard to Internet Filters, 10022nd meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, March 26, 2008.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R (81) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States of Measures facilitating access to justice, (adopted on 14 May 1981; 68th session of the Committtee of Ministers).
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R (84) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on principles of civil procedures designed to improve the functioning of justice, 367th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, February 28, 1984.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R (99) 15 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures concerning media coverage of election campaigns, 678th meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, September 9, 1999.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R(94) 13 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on measures to promote media transparency, 521stmeeting of the Minister’s Deputies, November 22, 1994.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R(94) 12 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the independence, efficiency and role of judges, 518th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, October, 13 1994.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation R (81) 19 of the Committee of ministers to Member States on the Access to Information held by Public Authorities, 340th meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, November 25, 1981.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation Rec (2003)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Common Rules Against Corruption in the Funding of Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns, April 8, 2003.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation Rec(2004)16 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the right of reply in the New Media Environment, December 15, 2004.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation 86 (2000) of the Committee of Ministers on the Financial Transparency of Political Parties and their Democratic Functioning at the Regional Level
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. Rec (2003) 16 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the execution of administrative and judicial decisions in the field of administrative law, 851st meeting of the Minister’s Deputies, September 9, 2003.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. Rec (2004) 20 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on judicial review of administrative acts, 909th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, December 15, 2004.
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Council of Europe, Recommendation Rec(2004)11 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on legal, operational and technical standards for e-voting, 898th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies,30 September 2004
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Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R (2000) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the right of journalists not to disclose their sources of information, 701st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, 8 March 2000
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (2003) 16 of the Committee of Ministers on the execution of administrative and judicial decisions in the field of administrative law, 851st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, 9 September 2003
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (94) 12 Of The Committee Of Ministers To Member States On Independence, Efficiency And Role Of Judges, 516th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, 13 October 1994 .
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Council of Europe Resolution No. (97) 24 on the Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight Against Corruption, 101th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, 6 November 1997 .
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Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe, Resolution No. 105(2000) on the financial transparency of political parties and their democratic functioning at regional level, (adopted by the Standing Committee of the Congress on 25 May 2000)
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Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers Declaration on the Code of Good Practice on Referendums (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on November 27, 2008 at the 1042nd meeting of the Minster’s deputies).
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Council of Europe, Resolution on Journalistic Freedoms and Human Rights; 4th European Ministerial Conference, Prague, December 7-8, 1994.
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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Recommendation 1641 (2004), Public Service Broadcasting, January 27, 2004.
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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Recommendation 1516 (2001), Financing of Political Parties, May 22, 2001
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters (Opinion no. 190/2002, CDL-AD (2002) 13 Or. fr., adopted by the Venice Commission at its 51st and 52nd sessions, Venice 5-6 July and 18-19 October 2002, Opinion no. 190/2002) (Venice Commission Strasbourg 2002)
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) Guidelines on Media Analysis During Election Observation Missions (Study No. 285/2004, CDL-AD(2005)032 adopted by the Council for Democratic Elections at its 14th meeting (Venice 20 October 2005) and the Venice Commission at its 64th plenary session (Venice 21-22 October 2005))
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) Code of Good Practice in the Field of Political Parties (Study No. 414/2006, CDL-AD(2009)002 adopted bythe Venice Commission at its 77th Plenary Session (Venice, 12-13 December 2008)
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) Declaration on Women’s Participation in Elections (Study No. 324/2004, CDL-AD(2006)020 adopted by the Venice Commission at its 67th Plenary Session (Venice, 9-10 June 2006)
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) Guidelines and Explanatory Report on Legislation on Political Parties: some specific issues, (Study No. 247/2004, CDL-AD(2004)007 adopted by the Venice Commission at its 58th Plenary Session (Venice, 12-13 March 2004)
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law) Report on the Participation of Political Parties in Elections, (Study No. 329/2004, CDL-AD(2006)025 adopted by the Council for Democratic Elections at its 16th meeting (Venice, 16 March 2006) and the Venice Commission at its 67th Plenary Session (Venice, 9-10 June 2006).
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Venice Commission (European Commission for Democracy through Law), Guidelines and Report on the Financing of Political Parties, adopted March 9-10, 2001
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Interpretative Documents
European Court of Human Rights Cases (this list contains only those cases that the Carter Center has reviewed so far, and is therefore not complete or exhaustive)
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Ahmad and Others v The United Kingdom, App. No. 65/1997/849/1056 (Decision of September 2, 1998)
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Aziz v Cyprus, App. No. 69949/01 (Decision of June 22, 2004)
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Dichand and others v Austria, App. No. 29271/95 (Decision of February 26, 2002)
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Krone Verlags GmbH & Co KG v Austria, App. No. 72331/01 (Decision of November 9, 2006)
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Py v France, App. No. 66289/01 (Decision of June 6, 2005)
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Liberal Party v. UK, App. No. 8765/79 (Decision of 1982)
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Unabhangige Initiative Informationsvielfalt v Austria, App. No. 28525/95 (Decision of February 26, 2002)
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United Macedonian Organization Ilinden and Ivanov v Bulgaria, App No. 44078/98 (Decision of September 2, 1998)
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| ***** |
| Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |
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Regional instruments
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| ***** |
| European Union (EU) |
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Treaties
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| ***** |
| League of Arab States (LAS) |
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Treaties
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| ***** |
| Organization of American States (OAS) |
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Treaties
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Other regional instruments
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| ***** |
| Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) |
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Regional instruments
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| ***** |
| Southern African Development Community (SADC) |
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Treaties
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Other regional instruments
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| ***** |
| Other Sources (by organization) |
ACE Project
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R Carver. (2006). ‘Allocation of Time to Candidates and Parties', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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R Carver. (2006). 'Different Obligations of Public and Private Media', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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R Carver. (2006). 'Equal Access for All Parties?' Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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R Carver. (2006). 'Obligations of Pluralism', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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R Carver and R. Kennedy. (2006). 'Criticism of Politicians and Government', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network
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R Carver and R. Kennedy. (2006). 'Publishing Opposition Views', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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R Carver and R. Kennedy. (2006). 'Right of Access to Government Media', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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R Carver and R. Kennedy. (2006). 'Right to an Effective Remedy', Retrieved April 29, 2008 from Ace: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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M. Tjernström and L. Ederberg. (2005-2006). ‘Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance,’ Retrieved August 26, 2008 from ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network.
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Article 19
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S Coliver and P Merloe, 'Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies', Article 19: The Global Campaign for Free Expression (Article 19, London, August 1994)
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A Hussain, F Duve and S Canton. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression (26 November 1999 London)
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A Hussain, F Duve and S Canton. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression. (29-30 November 2000 London)
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A Hussain, F Duve and S Canton. Joint Statement on Racism and the Media by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression. (27 November 2001 London)
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A Hussain, F. Duve and S. Canton. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression-Challenges to Freedom of Expression in the New Century. (19-20 November 2001 London)
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Ligabo, F. Duve and E. Bertoni. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression (9-10 December 2002)
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Ligabo, F. Duve and E. Bertoni. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression (18 Decmeber 2003)
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Ligabo, M. Haraszti and E. Bertoni. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression (6 December 2004 London)
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Ligabo, M. Haraszti and E. Bertoni. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression (21 December 2005)
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Ligabo, M. Haraszti, I. Alvarez and F. Pansy Tlakula. Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, and the ACHPR Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expresssion (19 December 2006)
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Ligabo, M. Haraszti, I. Alvarez and F. Pansy Tlakula. Joint Declaration on Diversity in Broadcasting by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, and the ACHPR Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information. (12 December 2007)
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The Carter Center
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The Carter Center, Statement of the Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the Americas, Financing Democracy: Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections, Atlanta, March 19, 2003
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The Carter Center, Atlanta Declaration and Plan of Action for the Advancement of the Right of Access to Information, February 29, 2008
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Commonwealth Secretariat
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Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
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R Gould, Reference Guide for Election Observers (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association London 1994)
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Council of Europe
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Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries and EISA
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European Commission
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IFES
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International Human Rights Law Group
- L Garber, Guidelines for International Election Observing (The International Human Rights Law Group Washington, DC 1984).
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International IDEA
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Inter-Parliamentary Union
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National Democratic Institute for International Affairs
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Norwegian Helsinki Committee
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K Hogdahl, 'Election Observation' in Manual on Human Rights Monitoring: An Introduction for Human Rights Field Officers (Norwegian Helsinki Committee, Norwegian Institute of Human Rights Oslo 2002)
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Norwegian Helsinki Committee Election Observation: An Introduction to the Methodology and Organization (Norwegian Helsinki Committee Oslo 2000)
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OSCE/ODIHR
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SADC – PF
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Transparency International
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United Nations
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Carter Center Blog
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